See Figure 1 for key. Notice the soft tissue mass representing the exophthalmic left eye (white arrow) and the abnormally located left maxillary molar (black arrow). Abstract. margin: 0; Some rabbits can live with abscesses on various parts of their body for years by having them surgically drained as needed. The anemia was not investigated further, and results of postoperative hematologic testing were within reference range. That looks uncomfortable. Case description: I agree. Corneal diseases of rabbits. Pet rabbits. Martin CL. Stomatoscopy examination revealed no opening or cavity. English. A mixed population with gram-positive and gram-negative bacilli and many degenerative polymorphonuclear cells was detected, consistent with bacterial infection. The abscess capsule is defined by the hyperechoic curvilinear line (arrowheads) caudomedial to the globe (arrow), and the abscess contents are the hypoechoic material ventral to the line. Notice that the previous hyperechoic curvilinear line caudomedial to the globe is absent. Radiography of the cranium and ophthalmic ultrasonography helped to assess the extent and progression of the process. Prior to referral, the rabbit had undergone surgery for an abscess involving the left maxillary area of the face and had been treated with several antimicrobials, including enrofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfonamide, and cephalexin (dosages unknown). 3-mm round long burr, Surgical Innovations Inc, Suwanee, Ga. Consil, Nutramax Laboratories Inc, Edgewood, Md. Radiography (x-rays) of the skull is generally performed under general anaesthesia. These wounds must be left open to be flushed at least twice a day for several weeks. In:Hillyer EV, Quesenberry KE, ed.Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. This can be related to factors such as difficulty in removing all the abscessed tissue due to location, the inability of antibiotics in the blood to penetrate the abscess wall, draining tracts coming off the abscess, and the possibility that the underlying cause was not treated. Rabbits should always be intubated during the procedure. Copyright 2012 2012 by Susan Brown, DVM. Harcourt-Brown FM. Baumgartner JC. We are glad to hear that she is doing alright. Martnez-Jimnez D, Hernndez-Divers SJ, Dietrich UM, Williams CO, Blasier MW, Wilson H, Frank PM. bView of the soft tissue defect (arrow) remaining after removal of the left maxillary second molar. Rabbit abscesses form a thick capsule around the infection that effectively walls it off from the rest of the body. Consult with a rabbit knowledgeable veterinarian who will be familiar with the various options. (frequently mandible abscesses will develop which can lead to osteomyelitis) Bulging of the eye (sometimes a retrobulbar abscess will develop as a result of dental problems) Ocular discharge (sometimes caused by a . A swab was inserted into the socket, and a swab specimen was submitted for aerobic and anerobic bacterial culture. PMC If the abscess is retrobulbar, it mean the pus has collected behind the eye. I just took this photo of heryou can really see the difference. Apart from his abscess and the eye it's affecting, he's quite healthy: being active, eating, drinking, peeing and leaving droppings as usual. . During this time subscribers will be able to start accessing subscribed content on CABI Digital Library and enjoy the platforms many benefits. You are using an out of date browser. The absence of angle in the straight telescope and rabbit oral cavity conformation enabled us to gain access to the bottom of the abscess cavity. Results of susceptibility testing revealed that no single antimicrobial was effective against both bacteria. Andrews SE. Vet also tried to locate a fistula from the abscess to a tooth root but was unsuccessful. In many cases, enucleation is required to access the diseased tissues. Ultrasonography (scan) of the eye can be performed when the animal is conscious or under light sedation depending on the nature of the animal. If the cause of an abscess cannot be treated, there is a moderate to high probability it will return after treatment. Two months after the initial surgery, minimal exophthalmia was evident and no further physical, radiographic, or ultrasonographic changes were evident. Used with permission. Worsening splay leg of the thoracic limbs resulted in decreased mobility. We did radiograph her teeth, and did a thorough dental exam. J Small Anim Pract. We already knew she had a little spur since her vaccination last Februari but decided to leave it as long as it . A 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit was examined because of a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a previous draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge. National Library of Medicine The site is secure. 2007 Mar 15;230(6):868-72. doi: 10.2460/javma.230.6.868. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal After induction, the rabbit was intubated by use of a fiberoptic laryngoscopeg and a 2-mm uncuffed nasotracheal tube.h A 24-gauge IV catheter was placed in the cephalic vein, and 22.2 mL of half-strength lactated Ringer's solution (NaCl concentration, 0.45%) containing 2.5% dextrose was administered at 10 mL/h during the anesthetic period. Their breathing and heart will stop within a minute or so, and they will gently slip away. Although bacterial culture has low sensitivity and specificity because of the polymicrobial nature of endodontic infections and rabbit coprophagia, it is considered important in determining antimicrobial selection.29,34 Biopsy of the abscess wall was not performed because of the inaccessibility of the site with the endoscope introduced orally. Endod Top 2004;7:3551. Case description: A 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit was examined because of a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a previous draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge. Br Small Anim Vet Assoc Sci Annu Meet 2003;511512. Clinical FindingsThe rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5 . The cornea will be checked for ulceration and the pressure within the eye will also be measured. This is part of Dr. Browns Small Mammal Health Series. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Hope it's not back. Results of blood testing were within reference ranges. Can Vet J 2002;43:385390. If you would like to receive a complimentary trial across your entire clinic/practice/team, please complete the practice form opposite and submit then a member of our team will be in touch to arrange this for you. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Betty has developed some thick white discharge from the nostril on the side where she had the eye enucleated. The most widely cited data are from the mummy Nesperehn, excavated in Thebes, where a psoas abscess and spinal changes were recorded, which established TB's presence in Egypt between 1069 and 945 bc [47]. It should be stressed, however, that no matter what treatment is chosen, it is vital to provide your pet with a healthy diet, daily exercise and a clean environment to enable the immune system to function at full capacity. The use of calcium hydroxide in the treatment of abscesses in the cheek of the rabbit resulting from a dental periapical disorder. Clinical relevance: Dental abscesses in rabbits are unusual in that they seldom produce hyperthermia, can become very large without producing apparent discomfort, and tend to encapsulate and progressively destroy surrounding bone. A concurrent medical . House Rabbit Society, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, is the nations largest rabbit welfare group. Two months after the initial surgery . Verstraete FJM. January 2010; Der Praktische Tierarzt 91(1):14-22 HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In:Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, ed.Ferrets, rabbits and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. CAB Direct provides a convenient, single point of access to all of your CABI database subscriptions. R= Right. CAB Direct cView of cavity debridement being performed with an angled curette. An abscess is a cavity containing pus surrounded by a capsule of thickened, inflamed tissue. Have a vet take some radiographs of the teeth to see if the roots look OK. Indian J Ophthalmol 2000;48:129134. He went in under the eye in hopes that he might be able to access the abscess without reomving the eye, but unfortunately that wasn't the case. In some instances, palliation was achieved with antimicrobial treatment and surgical debridement of the abscess.13 However, because rabbits form caseous exudates within thick-walled pyogenic capsules, incomplete excision often leads to recurrence.13,30 The recommended treatment for retrobulbar abscesses includes exenteration of the orbit and enucleation to allow access to and debridement of the retrobulbar space.3 Other described approaches that have been used after dental extraction and aggressive surgical debridement include packing the abscess cavity with antimicrobial suspensions, gentamicin-soaked collagen material, clindamycin powder or perforated capsules, calcium hydroxide, antimicrobial-soaked bone matrix material such as hydroxyapatite, bioactive ceramics, antimicrobial-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads, or doxycycline-containing polymer gel.8,28,31-33 There is at least 1 case report28 in which use of an endoscope facilitated surgical debridement of an abscess cavity, but in that instance, the endoscope was used extraorally. Abscesses develop when bacteria enter a part of the body. Treatment for a retrobulbar meningioma includes exenteration to remove the affected globe and orbital contents, followed by radiation therapy. However, in order to confirm the diagnosis, radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations are generally the tests of choice. How to manage the geriatric rabbit, in Proceedings. After seeing her regular vet, he suspected an abscess but wanted the eye to be ultrasounded, so we went to see an ophth specialist. Retrobulbar abscessation is the most common orbital disease of rabbits, and the lesions are notoriously difficult to treat successfully. The elongated root of the 5th maxillary cheek tooth has penetrated the bone and continued to grow into the abscess cavity in the orbit (arrowed). (1999) Treatment of Facial Abscesses in Rabbits. Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference 2001. Abstract. Available at: www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00408.htm. Dorsoventral (a) and right dorsalleft ventral oblique (b) radiographic views of the rabbit's head on day 16 after surgery to remove the left maxillary second molar. Peridontal bacteria in rabbit mandibular and maxillary abscesses. It depends on the underlying cause. Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference 2001. The frequency of gastrointestinal sounds was abnormally low in all 4 abdominal quadrants, but findings pertinent to the cardiorespiratory system were considered normal. Doxycycline (50 mg) was mixed with 2.5 mL of reconstituted dental ceramic and infused into the cavity. Before Would you like email updates of new search results? (You can unsubscribe anytime). bImage of the eye and retrobulbar area 4 weeks after surgery. Abscesses that are located around the face are often due to dental disease, which can also manifest as ocular problems, since the upper tooth roots can overgrow and impinge upon the eye socket and the nasolacrimal tear duct.
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